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The Graphene Flagship represents a new way of doing research on the European scale.

The implementation of a large, focused research activity as a flagship has been assessed by an interim evaluation panel led by the former Italian Minister for Education and Research,Maria Chiarra Carrozza, who published their findings in January 2017. I am very happy to see that the panel endorses the flagship concept and finds it an efficient and effective way of organizing large research endeavors.

During 2016 the Flagship has continued to produce excellent scientific and technological results as described on the following pages and noted during the final review of the rampup phase and the interim evaluation. We have attracted many new Associated Members and several Partnering Projects, showing that the Flagship impact extends beyond the EC-funded Core Projects. Internationally, we are recognized as a key collaboration partner,as demonstrated by our workshops with US, Japan, Korea and China.

We have to continually re-assess our initial plans: is the technological promise still there in terms of improved performance, and is the technological uncertainty decreasing in the manner that justifies continued investment? In most areas we see that this is the case, as witnessed by the products and demonstrators emerging from our work, but in some cases we have to accept that we need to adjust our course. This continuous re-assessment is integral to the success of a long-term action such as the Flagship.

We must now concentrate on producing the results that enable the impacts that the Flagship aims to deliver. I see that many work packages are becoming more technology-oriented, ideas are evolving to concrete prototypes that have true promise in society outside the academic laboratories. This said, we must not forget that the Flagship’s origins lie in fundamental,curiosity-driven research: we would not be where we are now withoutground-breaking basic research. The Flagship will continue to balance the fundamental and applied dimensions of its research portfolio, with a moderate increase of the more applied parts as time moves on.

I am looking forward to a new year of research and discovery as the Flagship’s voyage continues.

Jari Kinaret

Director of the Graphene Flagship

Vladimir Falko

WORK PACKAGE LEADER

Vladimir Falko, University of

Manchester, United Kingdom

WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY

Alberto Morpurgo, University of

Geneva, Switzerland

The research performed in the Enabling Research Work Package includes studying the detailed interactions of GRMs, developing new device concepts for layered heterostructures with novel electronic and optoelectronic properties, giving the Graphene Flagship a strong foundation on which to build new technologies and devices.

Building on previous work form the Graphene Flagship [1], the University of Geneva and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) determined the origin and magnitude of the spin-orbit coupling effect that occurs in graphene placed on semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides [2]. The spin-orbit coupling is due to modification of the electronic band structure in graphene, and has a very large effect.

The electronic bands of the two spin states are split by 10 meV, approximately 1000 times larger than the intrinsic coupling in graphene. The large splitting is of great interest for spin transport devices, and research is continuing within the Spintronics Work Package.

This fundamental result opens up real possibilities for directly engineering the electrical properties for graphene-based devices, without chemical or structural modification of the graphene. Alberto Morpugo, Deputy Leader of the Enabling   Research Work Package, coordinated the work. “In the future, the ability to control the electronic properties of GRMs by forming appropriate interfaces will offer unprecedented technological opportunities. This work represents an important first step in our understanding,” he said.

As well as this significant achievement, in another collaboration between the University of Geneva and EPFL, researchers demonstrated that superconductivity can be induced in monolayer molybdenum disulphide – a wide band-gap transition metal dichalcogenide– by applying a gate voltage [3]. In bulk materials, electrostatic gating affects only the electronic properties of the surface. In layered materials, the geometry of the field can be tailored to control the properties of the whole material. “These results illustrate the impressive level of electrostatic control offered by GRMs, which would have been just unthinkable until a few years ago,” said Morpugo.

[1] Z. Wang et al.

Nature Communications 6, 8339

(2015)

[2] Z. Wang et al.

Physical Review X 6, 041020 (2016)

[3] D. Costanzo et al.

Nature Nanotechnology 11, 339

(2016)

Bart van Wees

WORK PACKAGE LEADER

Bart van Wees, University of

Groningen, The Netherlands

WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY

Stephan Roche, Catalan

Institute of Nanotechnology

(ICN2), Spain

Graphene’s long spin lifetime and high electron mobility make it appealing for spintronic applications, and researchers from the Graphene Flagship are working to develop new spintronics technologies using GRMs.

However, in order to bring spintronics applications to high technology readiness levels (TRLs), there are some important challenges to overcome. It is very difficult to maintain and direct spin currents as they propagate, which is essential for designing spin devices and circuits. In a breakthrough result, the University of Groningen have shown that it is possible to maintain spin currents over long distances of up to 90 μm

using drift currents [1]. This work also demonstrated that it is possible to steer the spin currents using the drift fields with unprecedented high efficiency. These results show that the transport of spins can be tuned in a controllable way, essential for logic operations.

The spin Hall effect is a typical means by which pure spin currents can be generated and further controlled – but it is not observable in pristine graphene due to low spin-orbit coupling. Instead, a large spin Hall effect has been reported for graphene decorated with metal adatoms, but the origin of the measurements has been controversial and remains debated. Now, the effect is better understood thanks to research efforts from the Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) [2]. In a theoretical study, researchers revealed that the observed SHE results from several contributions, some intrinsic to spin scattering mechanisms, while others results from background effects unrelated with spin physics.

Stephan Roche, Deputy Leader of the Spintronics Work Package, coordinated this work. “We have theoretically established that the interpretation of the giant spin Hall effect seen in adatom-decorated graphene using non-local resistance measurements must be revised, due to the multiple background contributions. Based on this analysis,we proposed a new device configuration to unambiguously estimate and further optimizethe generation of pure spin currents in graphene devices,” he said. The proposed device geometry would suppress the background contributions, allowing direct observation of the intrinsic SHE in the adatom-decorated graphene and accessing its maximum efficiency. This knowledge milestone also represents a step towards the engineering of future efficient spin-torque technologies based on the SHE.

[1] J. Ingla-Aynés, et al.

Nano Letters 16, 4825 (2016)

[2] D. Van Tuan et al.

Physical Review Letters 117, 176602

(2016)

Mar Garcia-Hernandez

WORK PACKAGE LEADER

Mar Garcia-Hernandez, Spanish

National Research Council

(CSIC), Spain

WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY

Jonathan Coleman, Trinity

College Dublin, Ireland

The properties of GRMs depend strongly on their physical and chemical characteristics,while the latter depends on the synthetic method, so a detailed understanding of the materials science is essential. This helps researchers not only in selecting the best type of GRM for the application at hand, but also in developing new technologies that fully exploit GRM properties. “Enabling materials is at the forefront of the scalable synthesis of GRMs in the Graphene Flagship. Our success makes it possible to translate the promise of GRM platforms into real world devices and products,” said Mar Garcia-Hernandez, the Leader of the Enabling Materials Work Package.

A collaborative effort between Dresden University of Technology , the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science (EMPA), the Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research,and the University of Basel explored, via both experimental and computational means, the mechanisms of friction in graphene nanoribbons sliding across surfaces.

[1], unravelling the interplay between ribbon size, elasticity, and the surface. The ultra-low friction between graphene and a gold surface leads to a superlubric effect – almost perfect, frictionless movement. While this effect is known in graphene sliding on graphene – such as in graphite, which is used as an excellent dry lubricant – this study demonstrated that graphene slides with ultra-low friction on other surfaces as well. This important result opens up possibilities for the use of graphene in frictionless coatings and in nanomechanical devices.

Graphene is being explored for use in different types of composites, to make the multifunctional materials with enhanced mechanical, electrical, thermal and barrier properties.

Understanding the behaviour of graphene within polymers is vital to optimise composite materials. In collaboration with the Polymer Composites Work Package, Trinity College Dublin found that adding graphene to a soft, viscoelastic polymer – the novelty material commonly known as Silly Putty – forms a composite with unexpected properties [2].

The composite graphene-putty is an excellent sensor material – sensitive enough to detect the footsteps of a small spider. Electrical resistance depends on deformation or impact, but the self-healing nature of the graphene network within the polymer slowly returns the resistance to the pre-strain level. These unexpectedly sensitive polymers could be ideal for low-cost devices for healthcare, since their sensitivity is high enough to measure pulse waveforms. Johnathan Coleman, Deputy Leader of the Enabling Materials Work Package said “While a common application has been to add graphene to plastics in order to improve the electrical, mechanical, thermal or barrier properties, the resultant composites have generally performed as expected without any great surprises. The behaviour we found with the G-putty has not been found in any other composite material. This unique discovery will open up major possibilities in sensor manufacturing.”

[1] S. Kawai et al.

Science 351, 957 (2016)

[2] C. S. Boland et al.

Science 354, 1257 (2016)

Maurizio Prato

WORK PACKAGE LEADER

Maurizio Prato, University of

Trieste, Italy

WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY

Alberto Bianco, National Centre

for Scientific Research (CNRS),

France

One important potential application of GRMs in nanomedicine is drug delivery, with GRMs acting as vehicles to carry and deliver therapeutic molecules to specific targets within the body. For this, it is very important that GRMs do not induce unwanted effects within the body, and that they can be safely excreted through the body’s normal functions. The University of Manchester and the National Centre for Scientific

Research (CNRS) investigated the effect of graphene oxide (GO) sheets on the function of mouse kidneys when injected intravenously [1]. Importantly, they found that not only are the GO sheets readily excreted in urine, the excreted sheets are intact, confirming stability within the body.

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is another layered material is promising for use alongside graphene in a wide range of areas. It is chemically inert and strongly resistant to oxidation, meaning that biopersistance could be a potential problem with its use.

CNRS and Trinity College Dublin explored the degradation of hBN when exposed to peroxidases – enzymes produced by microorganisms and in the human immune system – and under a UV-assisted Fenton reaction [2]. Biodegradation of hBN is quite different to that of graphene and GO. It was found that hBN can be degraded by myeloperoxidase,an enzyme expressed in activated neutrophils, white blood cells present in the lungs. Significantly, the UV-assisted Fenton reaction is highly effective,suggesting a route to treating waste hBN on an industrial scale. Maurizio Prato, Leader of the Health and Environment Work Package, said “The Health and Environment Work Package is widening its research horizons – extending the studies to other GRMs that may be interesting for their chemical and physical properties. It is an important result that hBN, a very robust material, with increasing appeal for applications,is relatively easily degraded by specific enzymes. This may avoid theaccumulation and persistence of hBN in the environment in the perspective use of this fascinating material.”CNRS, the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and the University of Castilla-LaMancha performed an investigation into the effect ofvarious different types of carbon nanoparticles, including graphene, on the growth of larval Xenopus laevis, an aquatic organism. Their results show that it is the size of the carbon nanoparticle that affects the larval growth, rather than the morphology. This study is a step towards a realistic metric of assessing the dose of nanoparticles in the environment.

[1] D. A. Jasim et al.

ACS Nano 10, 10753 (2016)

[2] ] R. Kurapati et al.

Angewandte Chemie 128, 5596 (2016)

[3] A. Mottier et al.

Nano Letters 16, 3514 (2016)

Kostas Kostarelos

WORK PACKAGE LEADER 

Kostas Kostarelos, University of

Manchester, United Kingdom

WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY

Jose Garrido, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Spain

In a collaborative effort with the Health and Environment Work Package, led by the University of Trieste and the University of Manchester, the effect of GO nanosheets of different sizes on neural activity was investigated [1]. In this first demonstration of the ability of GO to affect synaptic and glial function, neural cells were cultured in media containing dispersions of GO nanosheets and the efficiency of the cellular networks was investigated. GO flakes can downregulate synaptic activity in healthy neural cells. This is significant for safely designing neural therapies using GO, and forms the basis for ongoing research. For example, this effect could be exploited for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterised by hyperactivity in certain brain areas.

Previous work in the Ramp-Up phase from the University of Trieste showed that planar graphene has no effect neuronal function [2]. This opens up the possibility of using the excellent electrical properties of graphene in neural interfaces, to record andstimulate electrical activity with the brain. The Technical University of Munich,Institutd’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and ICN2 demonstrated highly sensitive, flexible neural probes based on graphene field-effect transistors [3] that have several benefits over contemporary state-of-the-art metal electrode probes. The high sensitivity gives excellent signal-to-noise ratio, meaning that pre-amplification near to the recording site is not necessary. This, combined with their excellent performance at small sizes, means that graphene-based neural probes could lead to neural interfaces with high resolution. Such devices could be used to develop understanding of diseases such as epilepsy and other disorders that affect brain function and motor control, and in neuroprosthetics for control of artificial limbs.

“High-resolution recording of neural activity using flexible, graphene-based devices and targeted electrophysiological interference of neuronal function using nanoscale 2D sheets are important targets of the Biomedical Technologies Work Package,” said Kostas Kostarelos, Leader of the Biomedical Technologies Work Package. “Alone or in combination, these two application areas can offer new options towards the

much-needed management of neurological disease,”In an important step to widen the clinical application of graphene-based neural probe systems, partner company Guger Technologies developed an integrated system for neural recording and stimulation devices based on graphene. This interface device acts as and an amplifier and control system for graphene-based neural probes, with a pre-amplifier, power source and CPU, and is USB-compatible.

[1] R. Rauti et al.

ACS Nano 10, 4459 (2016)

[2] A. Fabbro et al.

ACS Nano 10, 615 (2016)

[3] B. M. Blaschke et al.

2D Materials 4, 025040 (2017)

Herre van der Zant

WORK PACKAGE LEADER

Herre van der Zant, Delft

University of Technology , The

Netherlands

WORK PACKAGE DEPUTY

Sanna Arpiainen, VTT Technical

Research Center of Finland,

Finland

A key requirement for chemical sensors based on GRMs is specificity, which is usually engendered by functionalisation of the material. The University of Tartu reported highly sensitive and selective sensing of NO2 in air, by using graphene sheets functionalised by pulsed laser deposition of different targets [1]. Chalmers University of Technology has also shown a route towards chemically discriminant gas sensors, without functionalisation. Dipolar molecules shift optically dark exciton states in transition metal dichalcogenides to be optically accessible, producing a clearly defined molecular fingerprint that can be exploited in chemical sensors [2].

Using single-layer graphene sheets suspended over holes cut into silicon, Delft University of Technology developed an effective gas pressure sensor that can be used to characterise devices comprising suspended graphene membranes [3]. The non-invasive technique detects colour changes associated with deformation of the graphene membrane to determine relative pressure and identify defects in suspended devices. The colour change mechanism is promising for use in low-power interferometry modulation displays, for colour displays in e-readers and smart watches.

Plasmon resonances in graphene are strongly confined and long-lived, and have potential in many different applications including biosensing and photonic devices.

However, exciting plasmons in single-layer graphene is difficult without strong doping,affecting graphene’s other properties. The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO) showed that double-layer graphene significantly enhances the strength and tunability of plasmon resonances in graphene [4], which will lead to interesting opportunities in gas- and biosensing based on chemical fingerprints in the infrared range.

Specificity in biosensing typically relies on the use of biological antibodies or synthetic bioreceptors. VTT Technical Research Center of Finland have demonstrated proof-of-principle result for detecting mycotoxins – common food contaminants produced by several types of mould that can cause severe health issues. This in-situ diagnostic tool will be a powerful tool in increasing food safety, offering simple method of determining contamination levels. Another target in biosensor development is early diagnostics, requiring highly specific detection of small concentrations of disease markers that can identify the need for immediate medical care. “The high selectivity and sensitivity of graphene biosensors was demonstrated with several model cases.

The next steps to industrialization require simplification and optimization of the functionalization procedures, as well as performance verification in relevant environments,”said Sanna Arpiainen, Deputy Leader of the Sensors Work Package.

[1] M. Kodu et al.

Applied Physics Letters 109, 113108

(2016)

[2] ] M. Feierabend et al.

Nature Communications 8, 14776

(2017)

[3] S. J. Cartamil-Bueno et al.

Nano Letters 16, 6792 (2016)

[4] D. Rodrigo et al.

Light: Science & Applications 6,

e16277 (2017)

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